The philosopher Susan Neiman has written, among other things, EVIL IN MODERN THOUGHT and MORAL CLARITY (a book I shamefully, albeit inadvertently, omitted from my list of “best books of 2014”); as those books attest, she is a superb, lucid, and humane thinker and writer. I’ve just found some articles by Ms. Neiman archived in the “religion” section at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (www.abc.net.au), a site I highly recommend for anyone interested in theology and philosophy (full disclosure: the articles at ABC tend to be longer than is usual for the web—honest to goodness substantive essays, in fact).
The following passages are from Ms. Neiman’s June, 2013 essay1 “Reason Needs Reverence,” and they need no commentary from me:
There is very little written on the concept of reverence, and no wonder: reverence itself is virtually ineffable. It's what gives rise to the feeling expressed by Wittgenstein: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent." Reverence is what you feel when you feel overpowered, struck dumb by the realization that some things are beyond human grasp. Why should human language be able to contain it?
The very word ["reverence"] is likely to produce misgivings, like New Age discussions that begin with the word spirituality. Even those of us with high tolerance for what others call kitsch may find the word too sweet or too tinny, something that's devalued the more often it's invoked. Traditional religion did it with poetry, but writing good poetry about particulars is comparatively easy. Once you abandon the guardrails of traditional faith, the force that was behind it veers off, inarticulate.
The wish to maintain a distinction between sacred and profane is not a recognition of mystery but of limit, with the profound understanding that Creation, wherever it comes from, isn't ours to dispose of. Natural religion's image of Creation was much clearer than its image of a Creator. Whatever else you believe about the world, only one thing is crucial: it wasn't you that made it. 2
This points to one difference between reverence and respect. Respect is something you should feel for yourself along with others. Reverence is the feeling you have for something none of us will ever reach. You can have reverence for God or nature, but also for ideals of justice or beauty or truth. To be reverent is to be aware of the contrast between all the things that you aspire to and all that can bring you down: failure and weakness and madness and, should you somehow avoid all the others, death.
Like anything that underscores the inadequacy of language, reverence is easier to approach by saying what it isn't. It has more than one opposite: scorn, disrespect and most important, envy, one of the deadlier sins. Reverence is usually rare, and one of its elements is surprise. Like love, you cannot will it: if you don't feel reverence toward an object, pointing out its admirable qualities will not help - though without those qualities reverence is impossible. Like love, it overwhelms you, and if moments of love and lovemaking can be reverent, it's because you know you're in the grip of something vaster than you are.
If reverence cannot be willed nor persuaded, it certainly cannot be forced. Perhaps most importantly, reverence belongs to things that cannot be bought or sold. Otherwise it becomes idolatry. If reverence contains admiration it also contains gratitude. That's the impulse behind the argument for design, the idea that Creation is so miraculous there must have been a Creator behind it. Kant thought this was the only argument for God's existence that is tempting for both the scholar and the man on the street, even as he argued that it was fallacious.
And the flaws in the argument didn't prevent Voltaire from feeling reverent in the face of an Alpine sunrise. What you feel in such a moment isn't the kind of gratitude you feel for a gift from a loved one, but closer to what you feel for an unexpected act of kindness from a passing stranger. That is gratitude for Being itself, and for the fact that you're alive to experience it. It's an experience not of pleasure, but of silent celebration. These are feelings that enlarge us, and make us better than before.
Reverence, wonder, humility, awe, and gratitude: these are indispensable responses to existence, and our lives are poorer when we fail to cultivate them. Thanks to Susan Neiman for her eloquent reminder.
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1 http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2013/06/26/3789916.htm
2 If I were never to read another word of philosophy or theology, Ms. Neiman may have given me, in this single sentence, the only wisdom I will ever need—which is why I added the “bold” emphasis to her statement.
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